Lebanon's crisis has been so severe that more than 80 percent of the population is now considered poor by the United Nations. "[134] The anti-slavery organization Temedt claims that ex-slaves were the first targeted for punishment by Islamist forces and that former masters have used the violence to recapture ex-slaves. [citation needed] Ferries connect the city of Korula with Orebi on the Peljeac peninsula. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career. His generals, however, continued to extend the boundaries of his empire to include areas as far north as the southern fringes of the Sahara (including the important trade centre of Walata), east to the Great Bend of the Niger River, south to the goldfields of Wangara (the exact location is still unknown to scholars), and west to the Sngal River. With an area of 279 square kilometres (108sqmi), it is the sixth largest Adriatic island. One French pilot, Lieutenant Damien Boiteux, was killed after his attack helicopter was downed by ground fire during the operation. [32], Evidence dating back to an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, considered among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. [33] The theory became the leading one in Europe. [256], All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education. [123] On 6 May 2015, UNHCR suspended registration of Syrian refugees at the request of the Lebanese government. Benin is about the same size in area as Liberia or the US state of Kentucky. [183] Though the offensive ostensibly included both the MNLA and Ansar Dine, according to Jeremy Keenan of the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies, Ansar Dine's military contribution was slight: "What seems to happen is that when they move into a town, the MNLA take out the military base not that there's much resistance and Iyad [ag Aghaly] goes into town and puts up his flag and starts bossing everyone around about Sharia law. [297], On 20 March, AQIM claimed to have executed a French hostage in Mali, Phillipe Verdon, who had been kidnapped in 2011. Ghana is showing promise in providing its people with a stable and thriving prospect for growth and opportunities. At the end of 1987 US$1 was worth L500. The Niger River (/nadr/ NY-jr; French: (le) fleuve Niger [(l) flv ni]) is the main river of West Africa, extending about 4,180km (2,600mi). In recent years, Lebanon has hosted the AFC Asian Cup[351] and the Pan Arab Games. The waste had accumulated in temporary locations following the government closure of the county's largest land fill site five months earlier. During the 1960s and 1970s, the economy grew, and its production of cocoa beans became the largest in the world. Wherever we find the Malian army we will launch the assault against them. The Beirut Marathon is held every fall, drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad. 300[2] 3 killed[114][115] [358][359][360][361][362] Notable scientists from Lebanon include Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah, Rammal Rammal, and Edgar Choueiri. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [15] It is part of the Levant region of the Middle East. The Montenegrin Forces of Prince-Episcope Peter I Njegos conquered the island with Russian naval assistance[26] in 1807 during his attempt to construct another Serbian Empire. [176] ECOWAS[177] and the African Union also suspended Mali. Beirut's southern suburb was heavily damaged by Israeli airstrikes. [38] The island also has a very strong art tradition. [35] The cities of Phoenicia were incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE. [279], On 28 January, the MNLA took control of Kidal with the help of the Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA), an Ansar Dine breakaway group that split after the international intervention. [100], UNSC Resolution 1595 called for an investigation into the assassination. 4 killed[112] The attacks increased political discontent towards the government from the military community. In 64 BC, the Roman Empire conquered the region, and it eventually became among the empire's leading centers of Christianity. [265] Douentza was also taken on the same day. Many European expeditions to plot the river were unsuccessful. [324] Many more contemporary artists are active, such as Walid Raad, a contemporary media artist residing in New York. [61] On 1 September 1926, France formed the Lebanese Republic. The Niger River is Africas third-longest river and extends more than 2,600 miles from the Guinea Highlands through Mali, Niger, and Nigeria before reaching the Atlantic Ocean in the Gulf of Guinea. Canoeing, cycling, rafting, climbing, swimming, sailing and caving are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon. [62] General Henri Dentz, the Vichy High Commissioner for Syria and Lebanon, played a major role in the independence of the nation. [181] Following Traor's inauguration, he pledged to "wage a total and relentless war" on the Tuareg rebels unless they released their control of northern Malian cities. The island became part of the Roman province of Illyricum[13] after the Illyrian Wars. [7] Ruvubu National Park, the country's biggest, lies 26 kilometres (16mi) to the east. Most of the people make their living in subsistence agriculture. [271] At public hospitals, hospitalized uninsured patients pay 5% of the bill, in comparison with 15% in private hospitals, with the Ministry of Public Health reimbursing the remainder. These Christians came to be known as Maronites and moved into the mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities. [214][215] According to 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center, 85% of Lebanese respondents believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society. [17], The Niger takes one of the most unusual routes of any major river, a boomerang shape that baffled geographers for two centuries. It was only with the 18th-century visits of Mungo Park, who travelled down the Niger River and visited the great Sahelian empires of his day, that Europeans correctly identified the course of the Niger and extended the name to its entire course. Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, but retained control of the southern region by managing a 19-kilometre-wide (12mi) security zone along the border. Lebanon hosts about 15 concerts from international performers each year, ranking 1st for nightlife in the Middle East, and 6th worldwide.[340]. [345], During the conflict, Islamists also damaged or destroyed a number of historical sites on the grounds that they said were idolatrous, particularly in Timbuktu, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bloody civil wars, military coups, and political unrest have plagued the region. [166] Ansar Dine stated that it had control of the Mali-Algeria border. Mali is also asking for a revision of its defense agreements with France. "[64] So when the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members, as both Syria and Lebanon were founding member states, the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that date and full independence attained. Economic recovery has been helped by a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale manufacturers, with family remittances, banking services, manufactured and farm exports, and international aid as the main sources of foreign exchange. [44] These crusader states made a lasting impact on the region, though their control was limited, and the region returned to full Muslim control after two centuries following the conquest by the Mamluks. As part of the Levant, it was part of numerous succeeding empires throughout ancient history, including the Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanid Persian empires. [205][206], On 16 November 2012, Tuareg MNLA forces launched an offensive against Gao in an attempt to retake the town. Dozens of Malian soldiers were also killed in fighting in Aguelhok. [290], On 19 February, Islamists attacked a French parachute regiment of 150 soldiers supported by a heavy vehicle patrol and Mirage fighter jets. 10 killed[107] In more elevated areas, temperatures usually drop below freezing during the winter with heavy snow cover that remains until early summer on the higher mountaintops. [278], The fertility rate fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004. Apparently, fighters who deserted the MNLA for the better financed Ansar Dine were now returning to the MNLA. [187] The speed and ease with which the rebels took control of the north was attributed in large part to the confusion created in the army's coup, leading Reuters to describe it as "a spectacular own-goal". For the town of the same name, see. A dispute remains with Libya over its northern border. Total: 23,564+, 181+ killed,[98] 14 killed[106] According to the Treaty of Campoformio in 1797 in which the Venetian Republic was divided between the French Republic and the Habsburg monarchy, Korula passed on to the Habsburg Monarchy. [14] There are also Muslim mosques. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". In the end it was the British that dominated the region and established the Gold Coast colony. After the 9th century, the island was briefly under nominal Byzantine suzerainty. In coastal areas, winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid. Corrections? The Phoenicians are credited with the invention of the oldest verified alphabet, which subsequently inspired the Greek alphabet and the Latin one thereafter. A MOJWA spokesman said that the group had had an agreement with the Ganda Iso, but had decided to occupy the town when the militia appeared to be acting independently, and gained control of the town following a brief standoff with Ganda Iso. His ideas were welcome and are still celebrated, but his authoritarian rule brought about his downfall. Those that could depended on foreign assistance. Explain how family size and economic activities are related to population growth. The Mali War is an ongoing armed conflict that started in January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of Mali in Africa. Melvin Buddy Baker Nigerian Drummers CC BY 2.0.; Melvin Buddy Baker The Harpist CC BY 2.0. Lebanon participates in basketball. MNLA Secretary General Bilal ag Acherif was wounded in the battle. The Anti-Lebanon range runs parallel to the Lebanon mountains, its highest peak is in Mount Hermon at 2,814 metres (9,232ft). Schlicht, Alfred. At the end of the African humid period around 5,500 years before present, the modern Sahara Desert, once a savanna, underwent desertification. The country experimented with a unity government, but this broke down when the rebel groups failed to disarm. However, some Italian scholars believe that he may have been captured in a minor clash near Ayas. General Security Forces shut down the 2018 conference and indefinitely denied non-Lebanese LGBT activists who attended the conference permission to re-enter the country.[217]. United States also has one the largest Lebanese To the west of Niger is Mali, another landlocked Muslim country dominated by the Sahara Desert. [188], On 6 April 2012, stating that it had secured all of its desired territory, the MNLA declared independence from Mali. [93][162] The United States Air Force air-dropped supplies via C-130 Hercules aircraft in support of the besieged Malian soldiers. The terms of the truce state that both sides agreed to "tackle the causes of lasting tensions in the region" as the AFP news agency puts it. [288] The fighting in Gao subsided after five Islamists were killed by Malian soldiers. [189], The Parliament is elected for a four-year term by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation.[14]. [195], Clashes began to escalate between the MNLA and the Islamists after a merger attempt failed,[196] despite the signing of a power-sharing treaty. Almost 40% of Lebanese are considered francophone, and another 15% "partial francophone", and 70% of Lebanon's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction. Mauritania is also dominated by Islam and the Sahara Desert. [287] On 19 February, France began a new operation (Panther) intended to subdue the region. [251] Unlike most other Christian communities in the Eastern Mediterranean, who swore allegiance to Constantinople or other local patriarchs, the Maronites proclaimed allegiance to the Pope in Rome. Lebanon enjoys good relations with virtually all of the other Arab countries (despite historic tensions with Libya and Syria), and hosted an Arab League Summit in March 2002 for the first time in over 35 years. [149] On 9 October 2021, the entire nation lost power for 24 hours after its two main power stations ran out of power due to the currency and fuel shortage. [6], Gitega is also the capital of Gitega Province, one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. Some victims were reportedly killed for not having identity documents or for their ethnicity. Both are meant to refer to a physical unit with a sovereign and independent government. [16] Modern-day Lebanon was home to the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for almost 3000 years (c.3200539 BC). [201], The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 15 May 2022. [101] The UN International Independent Investigation Commission published preliminary findings on 20 October 2005 in the Mehlis report, which cited indications that the assassination was organized by Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services. The Israeli Army occupied most of the area south of the Litani River. [333] Cinema in Lebanon has been in existence since the 1920s, and the country has produced over 500 films with many films including Egyptian filmmakers and film stars. They carried a 16mm movie camera, the resulting footage giving Rouch his first two ethnographic documentaries: "Au pays des mages noirs", and "La chasse lhippopotame". [84], In September 1988, the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians, Muslims, and Syrians. [310], In the first half of 2018, there was an increase in rebel attacks. [323][324][325], In February 2020, HRW documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November. [215] At this time, the MNLA controlled no big localities and was only strong in rural and desert areas near the borders with Mauritania, Algeria and Niger, having been driven off from most of its claimed territory by Islamist groups. Family size has been large in Nigeria, which has caused an exploding population. [159], On 1 February 2012, the MNLA took control of the city of Menaka when the Malian army operated what they called a tactical retreat. Nigerian military troops pushed into the conflict. The Maronite community, in particular, managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria. Gold and other mining operations contribute to the economy. [158] Malian president Amadou Toumani Tour then reorganised his senior commanders for the fight against the rebels. Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and is one of the worlds top ten oil-exporting countries. It was once one of the wealthiest cities in the world. There are many linguistic groups in Nigeria but only four main ethnic groups: Yoruba, Hausa, Kanuri, and Igbo (Ibo), each in the four corners of the country. The French Empire invaded the island in 1806, joining it to the Illyrian Provinces. In quality of management schools, the country was ranked 13th worldwide. [187], Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy that includes confessionalism,[188] in which high-ranking offices are reserved for members of specific religious groups. "Sinc In April 1980 the presence of UNIFIL soldiers in the buffer zone led to the At Tiri incident. One of the MNLA's founders, Attaye Ag Mohamed, was also quoted as saying that the "political and military wings of the Azawad" had declared "the lifting of the ceasefire with the central government". [328], To date over 600,000 have been displaced by this conflict. 1 killed[119] Nigerias main economic engine is the oil industry, which accounts for up to 80 percent of government revenues and is the number one export product. Located in the centre of the country, in the Burundian central plateau[2] roughly 62 kilometres (39mi) east of Bujumbura (the largest city and former political capital), Gitega (the second largest city[3]) was the seat of the Kingdom of Burundi until its abolition in 1966. The island is divided into municipalities of Korula, Smokvica, Blato and Lumbarda. By 1992, the political parties were reinstated and the country began to experience political stability and democratic rule, which has endured to the present, making Ghana one of the most stable democracies in Subsaharan Africa. [144], The MNLA was an offshoot of a political movement known as the National Movement for Azawad (MNA) prior to the insurgency. Football is also among the more popular sports in the country. The Daily Star (Lebanon) 16 February 2016. ", "IntelBrief: Lebanon Election Shakes Up Political Landscape", "Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Lebanon", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Legal Research Guide: Lebanon | Law Library of Congress", "Lebanese forces may play bigger role in war", "US military aid at stake in Lebanon elections", "The Future of U.S. Military Aid to Lebanon", Washington Institute for Near East Policy, "The countries where homosexuality is still illegal", "Lebanon: No Justification for LGBT Crackdown", "Human rights group urges Lebanon to abolish anti-LGBT law", "RPT-UPDATE 1-Lebanon public debt at $89 bln end-2008-minister", "Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, U.S.A. 19861988", "IATA - Lebanon Customs, Currency & Airport Tax regulations details", "The Next Big Lebanon-Israel Flare-Up: Gas", "Where on earth can you make a decent return? Identify the following key places on a map: World Regional Geography by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. [231] Lebanon's proportion of cultivable land is the highest in the Arab world. At various times, there were agreements between the sides in hopes that a stable government could emerge, but the agreements broke down and the country continued to scramble for civility. The Chadian government described the incident as "discriminatory" and said its soldiers were being used as "shields". [205] Once MOJWA troops surrounded the city, the militia reportedly surrendered without a fight and were disarmed. The result was a series of wars known as the Crusades launched by the Franks from Western Europe to reclaim the former Byzantine Christian territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially Syria and Palestine (the Levant). 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